A View from the Bridge Essay Example for Free

A View from the Bridge EssayDiscuss the candidate that when Arthur Miller wrote A View from the Bridge, he created a tragic solve which suggests that true justice does non exist and that the law is often inadequate. You whitethorn focus in detail on the Key section we read studied, however do make wider reference.Arthur Miller was born in New York, but at the age of 14 his farthers clothing business failed due to the depression, and his family moved to Brooklyn, historied at the time for its Immigrant community. Arthur Miller wrote the play shortly after the end of the McCarthy era, a period when most of Ameri gage society was worried that communist sympathisers had held giving medication positions, and Joe McCarthy took advantage of these fears, accusing prominent Americans of harbouring or being sympathisers. Miller knew of Americans with Communist ideas, and refused to name them before the Un-American Activities Council (UAAC) was charged for Contempt, a ruling later ove rturned.These events have had a profound influence on AVFTB (A View From The Bridge), the settings for the play can be drawn from Millers younger years, the brooklyn terraces and the Dockyard, for example. Millers experience with the UAAC, especifically the threat of deportation, and his feelings for the immigrants themselves has helped Miller to create an involving storyline with more attention to detail than if he had not had them. This has made the most recent version of AVFTB a much larger success than the original version, criticised for its overlook of emotional power.As the play begins, Alfieri is the first character on stage. He begins by introducing the situation in his community, describing the distrust of the Law felt by legion(predicate) of the immigrants from Sicily, describing it even as unfriendly. Then he states that Justice is important to the people of the community, suggesting that the Law has its limitations, and what people would call True Justice can often b e against the law.As he is talking to Eddie in act Two he refers back to this limitation, saying that when the law is wrong, it is because it is un-natural, suggesting further that the law is not written correctly, and should, in his oppinion, be changed from what someone(Joe McCarthy? the Un-American Activities Council?) has decided should happen, to what has a right to happen. Even though he is a reasonably well educated man, as stated at the beginning of the script, and even with all his years of experience with the other petty squables of the poor he is still powerless to stop the train of events he can see forming, again presenting the idea that the law is not detailed enough to allow him to restrain Eddie.Eddie is the seccond main character on stage, and has a similar view on the law to Alfieri, twisted to suit his personal agenda, preventing Catherine from leaving him for another man. He expects Alfieri to be able to stop the marriage bettween Catherine and Rodolpho on circum stancial information that would not make a propper case anyway. Eddies base is that Rodolpho aint right, and is Homosexual, based on Rodolphos ability to sing, joke and sew. As Eddie finds Alfieri cannot and would not help him, he turns to the one option that may help him, the in-migration beauro. This of course sets off the chain reaction in the close-knit italian community where they pride themselves on caring for immigrants causing Eddie to baseless his name, and culminating in Marcos revenge, Eddies death.Catherines view on the law is not as blatant as that of the men, as is Beatrices, however they both fear Immigration, to the point of hate, however they piazza their faith in the law to protect Rodolpho once he has the promise of marriage from Catherine.When he entered the country, Marco did not think of the law as THE LAW, more as vague rules that arent enforced, guidelines more than anything Where is the law? Is it in a book, is it written down?. He becomes disillusioned wi th the law as soon as he is taken in by the Immigration officers. He finally realises that the law is completely against him and that he will have to leave america again, and the money from his job in the dockyard will cease when Alfieri explains his situation directly to him. Marco then makes his decision to confront Eddie. Ironically, when Marco stabbed Eddie it was technically self defence, putting him on the correct side of the law.Rodolpho is in get by with America from the minute he stepps off the boat, even stopping to comment of Eddies fairly plain terraced house And they said they were poor. The law does not instrument into his life untill the Immigration officers arrive. By this time he has a prommise of marriage from Catherine, so therefore the law does not apply to him. He simply carries on as normal.Alfieri, being both a character and the narrator, has only a limited ammount of live stage time, and spends most of his stage time in give tongue to thought to the audie nce. His main function in the story is to represent the law, and reason. He seems to be playing Eddies good-concience, warning Eddie before he moves off to call immigration of the concequences.He also represents the remoteness of the law, with his seperate stage-area, and his interactions on stage only extending to Eddie. This means he is not viewing the whole picture from Marco and Rodolphos point of view. His reason helps him to envision their views, however not how to satisfy all parties involved, nor even to punish the guilty. He is also a dramatic devide, used to stimulate audience interest by describing the coming events so the audience will be able to concentrate on the tension and the route taken to arrive at the event without having to ideate as to what will happen next, Predictive Narration.

Biography of Fernando Botero Essay Example for Free

Biography of Fernando Botero EssayFernando Botero, also named the most Colombian of Colombian nontextual matterists, has developed a style the world notices as his own. Fernando was born in 1932 in Medellin, Colombia. Fernando came across heavy schooling as a child, which isolated him from traditional art in museums and such cultural institutions. It was his strict school however that brought art to be an cargon for Fernando, the school Botero attended was run by Jesuits who were strict and brought little enjoyment into Boteros conduct. To find enjoyment Botero began to draw at a young age.At that young age his inspiration was anything that interest him such as bullfighting. Fernando was a great fan of bullfights so he would paint scenes of this and so sold them in front of the arna for 5 pesos. He spent nearly two years painting this subject. He had a growing interest in art his entire life he shared his thoughts, and studied. When Botero was seventeen he worked for the Me dellin newspaper, El Colombiano, titled Picasso and the Nonconformity of Art, which showed Boteros mind and how it is linked with art.Botero is so well known because of his signature style, robust and round objects and characters. Botero tells critics that he is simply attracted to his form with fall out in knowing why. He claims that artists never know why artists use a form, he claims the style is intuitive and that the explanation for their style dejection be rationalized after its adopted. Botero is difficult to understand, as he doesnt share his cerebration with his art or even explaining his art. He shares his vision with us but not telling us how to feel about it. Navas- Nieves says. We know his works are personal as some of his famous works depict his youth, The Bishop, The Nun, The Bullfighter, and The Widow.It is unknown to all except Botero however if these drawings reflect the beaut with these no proportional, bright colored, exaggerated sized or the turmoil. Botero eliminated brushwork and texture in his paintings as he favored a smoother look. Boteros works are abstract and are educated by a Columbian upbringing and social commentary. When Colombian children go to church they see all these Madonnas, so dandy and perfect. In South America china-like perfection is very much a part of the ideal toilet of beauty.More so even than the polychrome forest sculptures in Spain, Latin American sculptures look like porcelain. So, in contrast to Europe or North America, you connect the notions of art and beauty at a very early age. I grew up with the idea that art is beauty. All my life Ive been trying to produce art that is beautiful to discover all the elements that go to make up visual perfection.When you come from my background you cant be spoilt by beauty, because youve never really seen it. If youre born in Paris, say, you can see art everywhere, so by the time you come to compose art yourself youre spoilt youre tired of beauty as such and requ ire to do something else. With me it was quite different. I wasnt tired of beauty I was hungering for it. Botero said this knowing he was not raised with art, which is his beauty. The lack of art in his life made him develop such an original style. The church influences Botero, his baroque style was adopted from the church.Botero is the most Colombian of Colombian artists because of his insulation from international trends. Botero once remarked A painter can do things a photographer cant do, because a painter can make the invisible visible. This thinking lead Botero to create a series of serious paintings about prisoner abuse in Abu Ghraib. Botero, through his paintings in this series allowed us to feel the prisoners suffering. The paintings brought us to the agony of the victims, the shame they felt and all the pain was transferred from the painting to us, making us the victim.This series proved moreover Boteros skill of art. Many critics thought the series was out of Boteros le ague claiming that Boteros style cannot do justice to the seriousness of the subject. Botero proved the critics wrong when he captures the emotion of the victims. The difference between photographs and paintings are that photographs come with a story. Just something that happened. They can be beautiful but paintings show affects and emotion and thoughts and different depictions. Much more thought goes into a painting, which sets the two apart.

Management Theories Of Henri Fayol

guidance Theories Of Henri FayolThis scientific approach paved way to placed adherence to methods and procedures in which planning and control were exclusively in the hands of managers and the workers had no freedom of choice at work. It also led to increased break-up of effort due to its importance on divisional labour. Many of the human aspects of employment were ignored and it also led to the beginning of boring and repetitive jobs.Compatibility of Taylors theory in Todays World+ Selection, training, employee benefits and motivation, which are areas directly relevant to managing people in todays environment are the major contribution from Taylors theory. They are still practiced today and run through been the base of every management field.+ However, Taylorism fecal matternot be used widely in todays business environment, where the majority of workforce entails to soft skills. The present generation organization is majorly into mechanization and it runs on innovative ideas a nd logical thinking.Recent stock prices show that Apple Inc. beats Microsoft at Change heed. The reasons behind the stunning turnaround were found to be the failure of imagination and failure to execute at Microsoft Corporation.If you want to support great people in your company you have to let them make decisions and you have to run by ideas, not hierarchy. Best ideas have to win and good people stay in the company. Steve Jobs, ex-CEO Apple Inc.These innovative ideas and thinking cannot be weight lot on any physical scales. They need to be recognized and evaluated on human aspects and one cannot evaluate it with a scientific approach of Taylorism.+ Taylors scientific psychoanalyse of the tasks was to bring standardization to work and to overcome the inefficiency of workers in almost all of their daily acts. But in todays business world the standardization of work for a position is almost set in all the major companies across the globe and employees have the choice of adaptin g and implementing their skills in the trump possible way to master the goals of the organization.+ Division of work develops hierarchical based environment. Though it eases employees and managers to concentrate and work in specified areas, it depreciates the growth of organization to run by new ideas. menstruum market craves for employees who practice multitasking and have the zest to implement new technologies and eliminates employees who perform single specialized tasks in the same old routine.Henri Fayol Father of Administrative Management 1841-1925While scientific development emphasised principles to improve worker effectiveness, an early(a) branch inwardly the classical school arose, administrative management, with its main contributor creation French industrialist Henri Fayol. He is regarded as the father of administrative management as he proposed fourteen principles of management intended to assist managers in determining what to do to manage an organisation more tha n effectively (Rodrigues, 2001). Fayols ideas are still valid in todays organisations and his definitions of management are widely used in this field of study.Compatibility of Fayols Principles of Management in Todays World+ Today, employees are ofttimes oriented towards challenging and interesting jobs. Though the division of work help employees to specialize specific skills, they seek more challenging opportunity once they expertize on their skills. Also, companies have downsized their staff with people who are multitasking and have the quest to explore beyond their area of expertise. This has helped organizations to stay belligerent with vanquish of the employees in the field.+ Though Managers are authorized and majorly responsible for a project commencement and its completion, companies rely heavily on employee participation and empowerment for the best outcome.+ Matrix organizational structures have feeld over unidirectional layout of organization. Every department in an or ganization are heavily depended on each other and this brings together employees and managers from different departments to work toward accomplishing organizational goals.+ Many of the private organization now practice reward based on act referred as performance based pay systems. This has motivated employees to bring out the best of their capabilities and potential.+ Hierarchical decision making is vanishing in present industries. It has been observed that maximum creativity can be obtained with reduction of hierarchical elements and adapting cooperate culture. Industries now focus on less hierarchical, less formalized and flatter decision making organization structure.+ consignment of an employee is achieved if the organization strongly considers the interest of the employee. In past employees strived for equity, today organizations provide sense of ownership to their committed employees.+ Stability of personnel tenure doesnt hold much significance in present organization. Down sizing strategies has flattened many middle management positions and enriched lower-level employees job. This has helped in cost cutting and maintaining committed group of employees.The Global recession which struck 2008-2012, ILO International Labour Organization predicted that at least 20 million jobs were lost by the end of 2009- mainly in construction, real estate, financial services, and the auto. This huge contrive sets an example of the instability of personnel tenure today and that it depends on many factors of which global economic influence on the organization is one such reason.+ Maintaining Esprit de corps is not practical in todays world. Organizations these days hire more and more of temporary and project contractual basis. Moreover, downsizing strategies and prospects of staff cuts has tended to lower the employee morale.Fayol was the first to stipulate management which is generally familiar today as forecast and plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control. Fayol also gave much of the basic terminology and concepts, which would be elaborated upon by approaching researchers, such as division of labour, scalar chain, unity of command and centralization.Many of these principles have been absorbed into modern day organisations, but they were not designed to be intimate with conditions of rapid change and issues of employee participation in the decision making process of organisations, such as are current today in the early twenty-first century.Max Weber Maximilian Karl Emil Weber 1864 -1920Max Weber, a german sociologist whose bureaucratic studies are found to be very dominant in the present world. bureaucratic Theory of Management by Weber is said to be the most efficient organizational structure that could be implemented to achieve the best of the organizations goals. Webers bureaucracy was blueprint of dividing responsibility, authority and accountability.Compatibility of Webers Principles of Management in Todays World+ Bu reaucratic organization is a very crocked type of organization. They are bound by rigid controls and cant find themselves adaptable to changing conditions in the marketplace, industry or legal environment.Vodafone UKs approach to Flexibility ProductivityLooking at the business when I arrived, I realised that while Vodafone UKs products and services remained innovative and competitive, its corporate culture was too rigid for the fast-paced market and too autocratic to attract the best new talent. Guy Laurence, CEO Vodafone UK.Vodafone UK idea was that if the company expects its customers to buy its products, it should also be willing to use those products .Vodafone UK reformed their organization by bringing a change in their workplace, and change in their work environment like no assigned offices or desks, no tethered phones or computers, a bod of purpose-built meeting spaces, a tough clean desk and lots of coffee. The results were immediate and intense from a good reduction in the speed of decision-making, meetings, paper, flights and sales cps times to a high revenue growth and corporate solutions.+ Though senior level employees in such organizational structures can exercise a great deal of control over organizational strategy decisions, front-line employees may receive less satisfaction, as it will make it practically impossible for them to commit the range of strategic ideas possible in a large, interdisciplinary group. This may result in the increase in turnover rates.+ Webers three types of legitimate rule are traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational authority.Traditional Authority In this system inclineers have a traditional and legitimate right to exercise authorities. Such systems are rigid, do not encourage social change, and are found to be irrational and unreliable.Charismatic Authority Authority is with leaders who influence others by their mission or vision. It greatly depends on such leaders outlook and is highly tentative. They are liable to mislead the followers to a great extent, if they dont have strong doctrines.The US invasion on IraqWebers authority types help to explain the US invading Iraq in March 2003. It was the charismatic authority, personified by US President George W. Bush which lead to this invasion. He was able to influence the American populace for the urgency to attack Iraq. It is also said that, a majority of Americans were effectively influenced by Bush in whatever he did. Though there was a confliction in legal as we as charismatic authority internationally, as Bush exhibited international integrity and the UN by such an illegal act. Even though this invasion was illegal, the international community and legal authority of the UN were not able to enforce international honor or to stop the US invasion.Rational Legal Authority Authority empowered by legal and natural law. This authority has found strong root in the modern state, city governments, private and public corporations, and vari ous voluntary associations.Weber as we study was strongly influenced by his mothers moral absolutists ideas and opinions at a very young age. He followed the universal cultural history very closely and also enjoyed reading the classics. The strong roots of his expression of bureaucracy is gross in the fact that he was bored with his secondary education, that he has often described as very unchallenging.ConclusionThe various management principles had been laid down since the later part of the 19th century. Applications of the approaches were mostly based on the cultural, political and environmental requirements. The real challenge of implementing the approaches was least witnessed till the late 20th century. The stretch out 10-15 years leaders and managers involved the importance of Change as a practice. While implementing Change management within any organization, two factors that seem to be inevitable are Sustainability and Performance Management.Sustainability and the need for c hangeWhat does our Organization stand for?What are we good at, and do we need to change?How can we change? leave we change our Organization?Managers must evaluate their organizations and business by asking and answering to these questions, if they have a regard to sustain in an era that has been for the most part influenced by strategic thinking. The 2010 United Nations Global Compact-Accenture CEO study (UN Global Compact and Accenture, 2010) found that 93 per cent of CEOs now believe sustainability will be critical to the future success of their companies. A critical mass of business leaders, 80 per cent, believes a tipping point will be reached within the next 15 years when sustainability will be automatically embedded in the core business and strategies of most companies, and 54 per cent believe this tipping point could be reached within the next ten years. There is thus a significant shift in thinking with profound implications for questions of organisational purpose, strateg y, brand, competence and culture globally.(Journal of Organizational Change Management, Carla Miller, Vol. 25 Iss 4 pp. 489 500, 2012).Performance ManagementIt must be a continuous process and an integrated part of any manager employee relationship. One of the most significant aspect of performance management is setting challenging goals. In practice, as we learn goals in a modern world are contextual or situational.BibliographiesJournalsJournal of Organizational Change Management, Carla Miller, Vol. 25 Iss 4 pp. 489 500, 2012Bonini, S., Gorner, S. and Jones, A. (2010), How companies manage sustainability, McKinsey Global Survey ResultsHind, P., Wilson, A. and Lenssen, G. (2009), Developing leaders for sustainable business, Corporate Governance, Vol. 9 no(prenominal) 1, pp. 7-20.Patrick Hereford, 2003, circumstance study on The Eurostar and The Channel Tunnel.Mohd Dali Nuradli Ridzwan Shah Bin, Mudasir Hamdi Hakeim, Abdul Hamid Suhaila, 2008, International Journal of Islamic a nd Middle Eastern Finance and Management in Performance of Shariah compliancy companies in the plantation industry, Volume 1 Issue 2.Walid El Ansari, Edward Andersson, 2011, Beyond value? Measuring the costs and benefits of public participation in Journal of combine Care Volume 19 Issue 6Maria C.A. Balatbat, Cho-Yi Lin and David G. Carmichael, Management Efficiency Performance of Construction Businesses in Australian Data, Sydney, Australia.Conference PaperMichel-Alexandre Cardin, 2009, Case Study on the Value of Information and Flexibility in Oil Development Projects, Inspired from the paper by Babajide et al. (2009).Babajide, A. 2001, Real Options Analysis as a Decision Tool in Oil Field Developments. Master of Science Thesis in Systems Design and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. http//ardent.mit.edu/real_options/Real_opts_papers/Babajide_Thesis_FINAL.pdfBabajide, A., de Neufville, R., and Cardin, M.-A. 2009. Integrated Method for shrewd Valuabl e Flexibility in Oil Development Projects. SPE Projects, Facilities, and Construction. SPE-122710-PA. (In press posted 19 February 2009).Electronic Books, Monographs and databasesElectronic BookManshu, 2010, what is IRR and how is it calculated? In InvestmentsSamuel L. Baker, 2000, Perils of the Internal lay out of ReturnA Chapter in a bookChris Hendrickson, 1998, Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builder in Project Management for Construction http//pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/ Chapter 6 6.5Websites Investopedia What are the disadvantages of using give notice present value as an investment criterion? Chris Gallant March 27,2006 http//www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/06/npvdisadvantages.aspixzz1pN2Ci2FZ Investopedia CFA level 1 Study Guide, Chapter 11, Lesson 11.4http//www.investopedia.com/exam-guide/cfa-level-1/corporate-finance/advantages-disadvantages-npv-net-present-value-irr-internal-rate-of-return.aspaxzz1pIdM5VmT.

Core Business Mcdonalds Auckland New Zealand Commerce Essay

Core Business Mcdonalds Auckland new-sprung(prenominal) Zealand Commerce EssayWhile the post of human visions focussing has been under constant study in recent years, practitioners and academics agree that opinionive HRM has never been more important than at the present time.The consequence of figurening and control system is even more noticeable in the context of human resource management because planning and control concerns to classic HR administrative functions and the assessment and recognition of human resources requirements for meeting organizational goals.Core Business McDonalds Auckland, New ZealandMcDonalds is the worlds leading foodservice retailer, with more than 33,000 local eaterys serving all over64 million mass in 119 countries every day. Similarly, McDonalds New Zealand opened its first eating place in 1976 in Porirua. Today there atomic number 18 152 McDonalds restaurants across New Zealand, with around one million people visiting their restaurants ever y week. In New Zealand, 80 per cent of McDonalds restaurants ar franchised by local transaction people who own and operate their restaurants as independent businesses (McDonalds Restaurant (NZ) Ltd, 2012). Hence, the serious focus of this key out is on planning and control systems of McDonalds HR based on relieve oneself ethics and social responsibility with an understanding of the external and internal environment.Planning ProcessFayols (1949) theory protrudelines five elements of management that depicts the different types of behaviour managers should engage in so that the goals and objectives of an organization are effectively met. However, the very first element included is planning where, creating a plan of action for future and determining the stages of the plan and technology necessary for implementing. In management theory, there are three basic directs of planning such as top level/strategic, second level/tactical and third level/operational plannings. Strategic plann ing is done by the top management and it encompasses the long range objectives and policies and is concerned with corporate upshot rather than sectional objectives. As stated in the beginning of this report that to maintain a competitive advantage, McDonalds top management decided to adopt hands variation and developed a HR objective. Therefore, McDonalds HR objective is to further a high performance culture that is supported by their talented and set-aside(p) people and organizational resources essential for sustaining superior business performance. This is achieved by designing mouldes, providing tools and transferring knowledge to the leaders required for developing and unendingly improving such a culture (Mcdonalds Corporation, 2009).Second level/Tactical planning is done by middle managers and it deals with the development of the resources with the best advantage. Therefore, the middle managers developed a HR scheme to achieve their HR objective. Hence, McDonalds HR st rategy for healthy example experience is to provide a haughty employment experience through respectful employment treatment and compliance with fight and employment law to achieve employee commitment. Third level/Operational planning is the concern of the department managers and is confined to put into effect the tactical plans. McDonalds HR team developed well in the first two levels but the third level had businesss and created gaps because there was no training or development carried out at this level. The only tool they had was the McDonalds work policy which stated work conversion. The actual experiences of employees were discovered through questionnaires and interviews at one of the McDonalds restaurant in Auckland, New Zealand where the employees had veto experience of the study diversity during their employment. The problem is not visible at the surface level but as you go below that then one give be able to see the real nature of employment experience.Workplace div ersity is recognizing many different persons at work, each one with a unique set of uniqueness, talents, gifts, skills, personality traits, physical abilities, background, appearances, thoughts, feelings, beliefs and viewpoints. It is the variety of those differences that make the workplace a diverse place.According to the question conducted, McDonalds restaurant depicts a clear picture of workplace diversity as a problem where, staffs were bullied and ill-treated because they belonged to a different step on it. Negative and racist comments were accustomed and poor people means of communication aroused with situations where employees were getting yelled out or replied rudely with a negative comment in their native language. This resulted as the staffs started doing no shows and looking for a better opportunity elsewhere. HR diversity change strategies that bring in many new hires of different backgrounds may take for negative ramifications for social functioning in groups . This situation was created because of poor planning at operational level and nothing much was manifested through the middle managers to the floor managers.Barriers refer to those manageable influences that crapper typically derail best intentions with regards to group planning process development. There are ten barriers to planning but the two barriers which intimately fits in this McDonalds scenario are lack of in-depth analysis and lack of knowledge and skills. Diversity is the inclusion of things, people, and places that are different and there are two level of diversity. get up level diversity can be defined as differences among group members in overt, biological characteristics that are typically reflected in physical features which include age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Whereas, deep level diversity includes differences among members attitudes, beliefs, and values and information about these factors is communicated through verbal and nonverbal behaviour patterns. McDonalds resta urant and its core basis of workplace diversity problems relates to deep level diversity because they have been ignored either because of lack of in-depth analysis or lack of knowledge and skills. Negative attitudes and behaviours such as prejudice, stereotyping and contrariety are some barriers to workplace diversity because they can harm working relationships and damage morale and work productivityControlAccording to Fayol (1949) control is the utmost element of the management which involves the comparison of the activities of the people to the plan of action and also known as the evacuation component of management. The function of management control includes carrying out the plans necessary for ensuring that the strategies are fulfilled as envisaged. Although planning and control are at times described as separate procedures, both contribute to the management control function.Control ensures that the right things are happening in the right way at the right time. Control cycle o r process consists of four main steps such as establish objectives and standards, measure actual performance, study results with objectives and standards and check corrective actions as needed.Step one establish objectives and standards where output standards are measured by performance result in legal injury of quantity, quality, cost or time and the input standards are measured as efforts in terms of amount of work expended in the childbed performance. In the McDonalds scenario the management defined the objectives clearly but less effort was given to the output/input standards because they failed to continuously monitor the diversity at the actual workplace at various locations. Management only adopted workplace diversity, clearly defined it and poor utilise it in the system with no or less communication. Step two measure actual performance is where effective control requires measuring rod. Goal is accurate measurement of actual results on output and input standards. Henc e, McDonalds HR goal is to diversify their workplace through hiring over time to increase productivity and decrease labour turnover cost. But the conducted research shows the opposite of what McDonalds define as their HR strategy or goal. Again the management failed to monitor workplace diversity by not gaining employee feedback. Employee feedback should have parallel established with the adoption of workplace diversity to accomplish the HR strategy and goal. The financial team should have easily identify the problem with workplace diversity with the increased labour turnover cost but because of poor control system the management failed to monitor.Step three compare results with objectives and standards is benchmarking by using different comparison methods. The need for this action reflects the difference between desired performance and the actual performance where historical, relative and engineering comparisons are considered. In this McDonalds scenario no or effort less approach to any monitoring and then comparing and analyzing of situation was conducted. It clearly showed that to gain advantage over their competitors and to stay in line with the current trend McDonalds adopted workplace diversity but no thorough control system was implemented. The management simply assumed that things were moving perfect but ignored the fact that employees hardly raise voices because of job insecurity and the managements lengthy process time. Step four take corrective actions as needed is where taking actions when discrepancies exist between desired and actual performance. Management by exception in gives priority attention to problem and opportunity situations showing the greatest need for actions. Hence, the McDonalds research conducted did not show any sort of management engagement in dealing with the workplace diversity problems until it reached to a level where the labour department was involved. Management had no or less interest of employees working environment and it was never analyzed or observed. A quarterly feedback system was implemented where employee can provide their feedback on their working environment but negative feedbacks were very less auctioned. Barriers to the control process can be a lot but some common ones in this scenario are less knowledge, poor communication, poor feedback system, poor monitoring process, poor implementing process which leads to less interests by management or lack of funds available for the process.Recommendations by Planning and ControlMcDonalds HR team should put due emphasis on three important panoramas in order to take control of the situation and plan precautions so that such problems are not repeated in any other restaurant.Revised HR strategies implementing channelImproving leadership qualitiesCreate workplace diversity awarenessRevised HR implementing channel pass on place a central focus on behind the scene of the case study. Most workplaces are made up of diverse cultures therefore HR n eeds to plan and learn how to adapt to be successful. HR practices are an important component in the success of organization because effective HR strategies systematically coordinate all individual HR measures and implement them so as to directly influence employee attitude and behaviour in a way that service of process a business to achieve its operational goal (Wang Shyu, 2008). Baum et al. (2007) explains the issues related to harassment and racism in the workplace could be reduced if appropriate human resource policies and procedures are in place and communicated to all staff (local or migrant) in order to deal with workplace diversity.Therefore, it is very important to revise the HR implementing channel. Wharton (1992) research also supports this his argues that HR practitioners should focus on how HR change strategies relate to the joint alignment of the group members multiple characteristics for example demographics hierarchical status and task in work groups to examine gr oup contextual influences. Once the HR implementing channels are improved then the HR can help in improving the managers leading capabilities by providing training and support with needed knowledge.HR department and managers within business must incorporate diversity policies into every aspect of the organizations functions and purpose. HR should focus on outstanding leadership characteristics where they can train and place the right leader at the right time and place (Mumford, Antes, Caughron, Friedrich, 2008). These characteristics should have respect, empathy and being genuine such as accurately understanding employees feelings and genuinely valuing and supporting without patronizing. Managers manage change, but best leaders create change by inspiring their employees and they believe diversity as an important goal, and the responsibility for diversity does not belong to HR but belongs to the on duty managers. In McDonalds scenario HR should explain and provide continuous trainin g to the managers regarding benefits, costs and barriers of workplace diversity and the financial and non-financial consequences such as employee turnover costs, laws and legislations associated. This restaurant is need of a leader who can set a good example by teaching others what they expect from them and this can be easily achieve recognizing the many talents and understanding the prolificacy of diversity. For example, in this scenario if a person complains regarding someone attitude, then handle the manager should handle the complaint very critically. He can encourage the complainer for account the matter but also explain the person about the unique value the other person brings to the workplace. They can teach people to look for the positive traits of others and not for the differences and this is only possible if they can be a role model for respect and dignity. Once the HR implementing channel and leadership are adjust with each other then the focus moves on employee to cr eate workplace diversity awareness.Creating workplace diversity awareness lies in the continuous improvement of the integration and social acceptance of people from different backgrounds. The overall perception of employees seems to be a very important factor in understanding their behaviours at the workplace because they are exposed to diverse HR practices rather than exclusively to a single practice (Chang, 2005). Management tools in a diverse workforce should be used to educate everyone about diversity and its issues, including laws and regulations (Green et al., 2012). Management should organize social gatherings and business meetings where the employees are given a chance to speak and listen. This type of eemployee involvement and feedback are necessary components in achieving successful workplace diversity. Managers should continuously monitor the work environment and act as agents of positive workplace diversity to exit any sign of negative barrier arising. If needed then em ployees should never be denied necessary, constructive, critical feedback for learning about mistakes and successes. Importance to business goals and targets should be given but not on the cost workplace diversity problems. Boxall Purcell (2011) suggests that best practices should be aligned with best fit to maintain a sustainable business environment and gain a competitive advantage over rivals. In this scenario, imagine if the workplace diversity problems continue then the quality of service will drop which will slowly affect the business. Therefore workplace diversity should be everyones business starting from senior management, HR department, managers and employees.ConclusionThe future of workplace diversity cannot be predicted with any level of clarity. This is because McDonalds is a global leader in fast food industry and their HR has won many awards in the last decade. Therefore, being at such a strong position in the global market and has a restaurant which ignores the impo rtance of workplace diversity. This report has explored a few areas of practical and theoretical development of HRM planning and controlling. It also explains around the levels, cycles process, objective and approaches of planning and controlling and uses the recommendations to control the gaps and plan a nosepiece between the practice and theory.

Parliamentary sovereignty

Parliamentary reignAlthough in theory Parliament is sovereign, the worryatic reality is that British integral arrangements ensure that true power lies with the Executive.Part A Many countries such as the unite States confound a written constitution but Britain does non, tho it must have virtuallything which is at the heart of its fundamental arrangements1 and this need is fulfilled by the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty.The traditional and most often applied description of parliamentary sovereignty is that of Dicey, who stated, the principle of parliamentary sovereignty means the right to make or unmake any truth whatever and further, that no psyche or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament2. From this definition, three entire principles foot be derived the first is that Parliament can make or unmake any law. An example of this principle in practice The Septennial trifle 1715 was passed to evoke the life of Parliament from three to seven years out of fear of the effects of an election. His Majestys Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 demonstrates Parliaments ability to alter the flexure of date to the throne and the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 demonstrate Parliament legislating over its own procedures.The War Damage Act 1965 overruled a put forward of captains decision in Burmah anoint Company v master key Advocate 19653 and is a demonstration of Parliaments ability to make or unmake any law as it was adapted to fade with retrospective effect.The second principle of Diceys theory is that Parliament cannot be bound by its predecessors or bind its successors. This affirms Thomas Paines theory that, every age and multiplication must be palliate to act for itself, in all cases as the ages and generations which preceded it4. Vauxhall Estates Ltd v Liverpool Corporation 19325 concerned conflict between The Housing Act 1925 and the skill of Land Act 1919 where i t was held that the provisions of the later act would apply this is known as implied repeal and demonstrates Parliaments inability to bind its successors. Ellen Streets Estates Ltd. v Minister for Health 19346 in like manner held that the later Act must apply and it was stated that the intention of Parliament to repeal the legislation must be given effect just because it is the exit of the legislature7. The third basic principle of Diceys theory is that no-one can dubiousness Parliaments laws, as Blackstone stated, true it is, that what the Parliament doth, no authority on earth can undo8. In Edinburgh Dalkeith Rail focusing Co v Wauchope 18429, Wauchope sought to challenge an Act of Parliament on the grounds that he was not given notice of its introduction as a bill into Parliament. His challenge was rejected on the basis that the courts be precluded from investigating whether the proper internal procedures have in fact been complied with10, this is known as the enrolled act r ule, affirmed in Pickin v British Railways Board 197411. The courts cannot question the validity of an Act of Parliament or declare it void illustrating the role of the government in upholding the principle of parliamentary sovereignty.Exceptionally in R (Jackson) v Attorney General 200512 the validity of the Hunting Act 2004 and use of the Parliament Act 1949 were challenged. It was affirmed that regardless of the way an Act has been passed, even if using the Parliament Acts, the courts cannot challenge the validity of primary legislation. provided Jackson did raise issues of sovereignty in practice, Lord Hope stated, the English principle of the absolute legislative sovereignty of Parliamentis being qualified13. Parliamentary sovereignty is apparently sustained, positi solo by the judiciary and is confirm in that the main legislative set up, the Commons, is democratically elected. Yet the acknowledgement by Lord Hope in Jackson recognises that the concept is increasingly sub ject to limitations.Lord Steyn in Jackson also recognised the dominance of the Commons by the executive director- the government, the power of a government with a large bulk in the House of Commons is redoubtable14, and warned that use of the Parliament Acts creates a danger of exorbitant assertion of government power15. This assertion of power that Lord Steyn warns of should theoretically be prevented by the constitutional principle of the separation of powers. The doctrine of the separation of powers is largely associated with Baron Montesquieu who based his famous exposition of the doctrine on his understanding of the British constitution16. He set three institutions of the state the legislature that makes the laws, the executive that formulates and influences policy and the judiciary that adjudicates upon and imposes sanctions for breaking the law. Montesquieu argued that the result of these three powers concentrated in the said(prenominal) man or the same body17 would pose a threat to individual liberty and that to prevent excessive immersion of usual power the functions of each should be allocated clearly. However Jennings identified that Montesquieu did not mean that the legislature and executive should have no influence over the other, butthat neither should exercise the power of the other18. in that location should be a system of checks and balances in place to avoid concentration of power.The United States is an example of strong separation as the written constitution embeds the doctrine the structure and power of the three institutions is hardened out deep down Articles 1-3. Checks and balances are in place to ensure separation of power, for example the Presidents proposed legislative programme is checked by congress and the Supreme Court. in that location is however, in practice, fusion between the legislature and executive in the British constitution for example the constitutional convention that members of the executive come from one of the Houses of Parliament, the executive, removed from being separated from the legislature, is drawn from within its ranks19. The Prime Minister, is also by convention a member of the House of Commons the legislature. In contrast, in the United States the president is separately elected and may be of a different political political party than the one with a majority in either or both Houses of Congress.Under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 in that location is imposed a statutory limit of 95 government ministers that may come from the House of Commons and prohibition of certain groups from becoming members such as civil servants and judicial office holders. This to some extent preserves separation however by means of its majority in the House of Commons the executive it is still likely to have the ability to dominate proceedings. By convention, the political party that wins the most place at a general election forms a government the executive and a first past the post elect literal system ensures that it will have a large majority of seats in the House of Commons. Dicey recognised this as a worrying shift in power stating that the majority party in the House can arrogate to itself that legislative omnipotence which of right belongs to the nation20. Essentially there is a concern that the executive can control the legislative supremacy of Parliament and ensure that its legislative proposals are enacted. There is also a fusion of function as the executive is involved in law making through delegated legislation. A large amount is made by Ministers and departments of the executive concerning primal matters with justification in its efficiency compared with the passing of an Act of Parliament. It can also be made by those with specialist knowledge whilst MPs may not have the relevant expertise. However it conflicts with the theory of Parliamentary sovereignty as the executive is the supreme law making body in terms of the amount of legislation produced. Subsequently power lies with the executive at the disbursement of the legislature, some have depicted this state of affairs as an abdication by Parliament from its principle constitutional role in favour of the executive21.fringe pull ahead powers are an example of fusion as they leave considerable power in the hands of the executive and allow Ministers to legislate without the consent of Parliament. However to some extent this is limited by judicial review as in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades wedding 199522, where it was held that it was unlawful for the Home Secretary to introduce changes to a scheme which were incompatible with an Act of Parliament.The unwritten British constitution is based largely on conventions and this is an important contributor to fusion between the legislature and executive. Although in theory Parliament is sovereign, in practice this legislative supremacy of Parliament is powerfully inherited by the ex ecutive giving it true power.The constitutional theorist Walter Bagehot argues that far from being a problem, this fused race had clear merits, the efficient secret of the English formation may be described as the close union, the nearly complete fusion, of the executive and legislative powers.23 Lord Hailsham used the term elective dictatorship24, to criticise the way in which the executive may control the legislature. Part B In light of this, it is to be critically evaluated to what extent this fusion is problematic whether the checks and balances as appointive by the doctrine of the separation of powers are effective enough to prevent abuse of power by the executive in particular Parliamentary scrutiny.There is a concern that the Government in general is too governing over parliamentary proceedings25 such as the Parliamentary timetable and legislative process. The majority of Bills considered by Parliament will be introduced by the executive and derive from its policy commit ments. With its strong majority in Parliament the executive is afterwards able to cover its policies into law and this is predominately through control of its members rather than active engagement with the issues26. Party members are told by government whips to vote in accordance with the party line and are unlikely to deviate from this requirement as supporting the party is beneficial they are more likely to be promoted to a position within the executive. Almost all bills are approved by each House even if they are amended and by convention the Queen cannot refuse the kinglike assent.Delegated legislation such as statutory instruments and orders in council are also a significant example of the legislative power of the executive in particular Henry VIII clauses of the parent act allowing statutory instruments to change the primary legislation itself. It is argued that these clauses go right to the heart of the key constitutional question of the limits of executive power27. The Le gislative Regulatory elucidate Bill (LRRB) when introduced into Parliament contained many of these clauses which would have enabled Ministers to make delegated legislation amending, repealing or replacing primary or secondary legislation. It was termed the abolishment of Parliament bill because of the power it would give to Ministers it also proposed limitations on Parliamentary scrutiny of these actions by Ministers.Parliamentary scrutiny of the executive is of fundamental importance in ensuring that the government acts under the law and in accordance with the principles of constitutionalism and democracy28. John Lockes theory of the consent of the governed29 is such that a governments legitimacy to use state power is only justified and legal when derived from the people. Therefore the executive should be floorable to Parliament, as a representative of the electorate. The theoretical underpinning of this method of accountingability is the convention of ministerial responsibili ty. Collective responsibility is such that Ministers must publicly approve the Cabinets decisions or resign this serves to strengthen the executive further by always showing a united calculate but does not enhance transparency. Individually Ministers must bear responsibility for the actions of their departments. There are various scrutiny mechanisms used to hold the executive and its Ministers to account for their actions however their effectiveness is often doubtful.Ministerial Question Time enables Members of Parliament to question government Ministers in the House of Commons. This method of obtaining information and scrutinising the actions of the executive is not a spontaneous affair30 as there is notice given of the questions to be asked. However there is strength in that the answers given are recorded and subsequently become a part of public records. The Ministerial Code outlines that ministers give accurate and truthful information to Parliament31 and that ministers should b e as open as possible with Parliament and the public32 providing firm regulation on the answers to be given. Question Time is televised and it is arguable that this is successful at providing public insight of the executive being held to account. However it is problematic as the televised element leads to a theatrical and superficial occasion. Parliament may face difficulty in questioning the executive as there are various restrictions on the types of questions that can be asked Ministers are only questioned on matters directly within their responsibility, with some subjects excluded completely such as the in the flesh(predicate) powers of the monarch and defence and national security33. Ministers can also refuse to answer questions on grounds including cost of obtaining the information or whether the question is in the public interest. They can also refuse to answer certain questions under the restrictions in the Freedom of Information Act 2000. Furthermore, if a Minister refuse s to answer a question they cannot be pressed to answer it. These limitations on questioning are therefore problematic and prevent proper scrutiny the obtaining of information, by MPs on behalf of their constituents, lies at the heart of the scrutiny process ill-informed debate will not be effective34. As questions are not limited to the opposition party it is arguable that as sycophantic questions are frequently asked35 Question Time is used by the executive to promote its own views and party achievements. This does however have the benefit of acme party morale and confidence in seeing the party leaders perform well in Parliament. Although this then becomes more about the political relationship rather than scrutiny, with the parties trying to expose weaknesses in each other. Written questions are arguably a more effective mechanism for obtaining information rather than oral questions. The Cash for Questions scandal was also problematic as Members were being paid to table certain q uestions for Ministers and therefore not effectively scrutinising their actions. Its reputation for holding Ministers to account was also somewhat ruined.For Prime Ministers Question Time questions are notified in writing and this first formal, open question is usually to ask the Prime Ministers engagements for the solar day providing a neutral peg on which to hang a supplementary, and real, question36. The wide range of supplementary questions asked, without notice, means the Prime Minister needs to be able to demonstrate his competence across a full range of government policy37 and this spontaneity provides stronger scrutiny. However Prime Ministers Question Time is allocated only 30 minutes per week providing a very short amount of time for questioning.Various debates on the floor of the House of Commons are also an opportunity for scrutiny. They are often used to express the view of an individual Member and the support for this view attracting public interest and media coverag e subsequently pressure is placed on the government to respond depending on its support. However debates are limited by the adversary framework in which they are held38 and Ministers are often not to be questioned on their responses which is problematic as it prevents deeper questioning on the issues. A vote on a motion of no confidence is arguably the most effective at holding the executive to account if the government is defeated the convention is that it must resign or seek dissolution of Parliament and call a general election. Parliament therefore does have ultimate power in withdrawing its confidence however this is not really a threat due to party discipline it is more likely to be of influence on the government. A vote of no confidence is rare and even more rarely successful the last time a government lost such a vote was in 1979 where the Callaghan Government resigned and called a general election.Select committees examine the expenditure, administration and policy of the pr incipal government departments39 and also investigate other matters of public interest or concern. They are composed, by convention, of backbenchers and this theoretically increases their independence, they are also free to decide which matters to investigate without government approval. Select committees also have the power to send for persons, papers and records40 to assist in their work and often provide exceedingly influential reports, however they are perhaps more successful in drawing media and subsequently public attention to issues of importance. The party whips also have majuscule influence, if not total control, over membership41 chairmanship is open to any party and it is therefore possible it will be chaired by an executive party member creating the problem of further dominance within the committee. Committees can also only investigate a small proportion of the activities of the department as they are constrained by time and with each department having its own committ ee it is more difficult to investigate issues that cut across several departments. They are also only resourceful of advising on matters and with no powers to impose sanctions, this is problematic as it does not allow active control. Select committees are also subject to several limitations, such as that there is no obligation that the government should cooperate with them when the select committee on defence started its inquiry into the Westland Helicopter affair, the government refused to allow witnesses from the Department of foxiness and Industry to give evidence. They justified this in saying that giving evidence would have major implications for the conduct and relations of the government. Civil servants have often been veto from appearing on the grounds of national security or excessive cost42. This is problematic as the executive is protected from real scrutiny by screen the inner workings of government43.Britains unwritten constitution is problematic as its basis on con ventions enables the executive to inherit the legal sovereignty of Parliament and subsequently it is the dominant institution to which the other two institutions react44. Parliamentary scrutiny does not control the executive, it merely reacts when necessary. This is problematic as it is one of the checks and balances in place to prevent the concentration of power that Montesquieu warned would be a threat to liberty. The executive often appears to abuse its power through its dominance of the legislative process to pass legislation for its benefit and even dominate the mechanisms for its own scrutiny. Lord Hailshams description of an elective dictatorship appears to be the problematic reality.1 Broadbent,G., Public Law Directions, (2009), p.502 Dicey, A.V, An Introduction to the Law of the Constitution, (1885), p.383 AC 754 Paine, T., Rights of Man, (1987), p.2045 1 KB 7336 1 KB 5907 Ibid at p.597 per Maugham LJ8 Blackstone, W., Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765-69)9 8 Cl Fin 71010 Alder, J., total and Administrative Law, (2007), p. 20111 AC 76512 UKHL 5613 Ibid at 104 per Lord Hope14 Ibid at 71 per Lord Steyn15 Ibid at 101 per Lord Steyn16 Barendt, E., Separation of powers and constitutional government, (1995) Win Public Law 599 at p.59917 Montesquieu, De lEsprit des Lois, (1794) p.16518 Jennings, The Law and the Constitution, (1959) App. 119 Barnett, H., Constitutional and Administrative Law, (2009), p.8320 Weill, R., Dicey was not Diceyan, (2003) 62 Cambridge Law Journal 474 at p.49021 De Smith, S.A., Constitutional and Administrative Law, (1977), p.32122 1995 2 A.C. 51323 Bagehot, W., The English Constitution, (1867) p.1224 Lord Hailsham, Elective Dictatorship (1976)25 Reform of the House of Commons Select Committee, First Report, Rebuilding the House, (November 2009) para. 2326 Wright, T., British Politics A Very Short Introduction, (2003), p.8827 HL Deb Vol. 643 col. 165 14 January 200328 Barnett op. cit., p.38529 Locke, J., Two Treatises of Gove rnment, (1824), p.21530 Barnett op. cit., p.38631 Cabinet Office, The Ministerial Code, (July 2007), p.632 Ibid33 Erskine May, 1997, Ch.1734 Hough, B., Ministerial responses to parliamentary questions some recent concerns, (2003) Sum Public Law 211 at p.21135 Alder op. cit., at p. 30636 Barnett, op. cit., at p. 38737 Barnett, op. cit., at p. 499 38 Bradley, A.W., Ewing, K.D., Constitutional and Administrative Law, (2007), p. 21739 Standing Orders of the House of Commons, (2009), at p. 15040 Ibid at p. 15641 Barnett, op.cit., at p. 39342 Cabinet Office, Departmental Evidence and Response to Select Committees, (2005) at para. 70 43 Alder op. cit., at p. 31044 Griffin, J.A.G., The Common Law and the Political Constitution (2001) 117 Law Quarterly

An Analysis of Hiltons Lost Horizon Essays -- Lost Horizon Essays

An Analysis of Hiltons bewildered Horizon ...the horizon lifted like a curtain time expanded and space contracted In James Hiltons Lost Horizon, the reader is promptly enticed to trek along with Hugh Conway and the three other kidnapped passengers, Charles Mallinson, throw away Brinklow, and Henry Barnard. Hilton commences his novel by utilizing the literary technique of a frame. At a dinner meeting, friends share their insights into life, and eventually, from a neurologist, and friend of Conway, evolves the story of Conways exotic adventures. Apparently, Conway and the other three characters were on a plane that was hijacked by a member of the mystic civilization of Shangri-La. After crashing in the midst of nowhere, Conway led his group turn out of the plane and as they began to search for help, Chang and a group of Shangri-La men intercepted them and escorted them back to their lamasery. Eventually they realize they are not permitted to leave its boundaries, as the proviso of entering the valley of the Blue Moon, Shangri-La, is that one cannot leave. Weeks pass, and the kidnapped crew, with the exception of Mallinson, become accustomed to the Shangri-La way of life, namely moderation, as well as spiritual and skilful growth. Conway, able to decipher numerous languages including Chinese was able to decode their gibberish and get a better idea what was going on. Eventually, through the telepathy of the aerial High Lama, also the founder of the civilization (some two hundreds years previous), calls Conway to a meeting. Hiltons mini climaxes, keep the reader compelled as he reveals more and more more or less this enigmatic place. As the novel continues, Conway is enlightened with the inside scoop, and soon enough... ...ut it, Things happen to you and you just let them happen. The most prominent concept of the novel and the community of the Valley of the Blue Moon (Shangri-La) was the time stands still enigma. To live over a hundred years is quite a f eat, but in this civilization it was the norm. In Shangri-La, when you reached a hundred years of age you were promoted to lamahood. They figured that by the time you were a hundred all the passions and moods of ordinary life are likely to chip in disappeared, and then youd be able to search for that inner meaning of life. The paradoxes of life and death, and the question everyone ponders, Why? Works Cited and Consulted Bellamy, Edward. Looking Backward. New York New American Library, 1982. Hilton, James. Lost Horizon. New York Pocket Books, 1984. Voltaire. Candide. London Penguin Books 1947.

What Price Freedom? :: American America History

What Price Freedom?No country allows as much personal freedoms desire the United States of America. The Supreme Court has passed laws which allow more freedom of expression than ever before. By hearing this, you may think that everyone is happy in the U.S. Well, a lot are, but to gain these freedoms, there was once a price to pay. Several people have been beaten, verbally assaulted, and killed for others to gain freedom that they deserve. I want At what price should freedom come? In December or 1965, in Des Moines, Iowa, a 15 year old girl and her fellow wore black armbands to protest the Vietnam War. The Principal then decided that no student should be allowed to do such demonstrations, and after a warning, he suspended anyone vesture the bands. Later that day both wearers of the bands were suspended until January. The 2 students too it to federal court where they said that they had the right to wear the bands under the First A workforcedment right. They ended up loosing because the armbands would disturb school discipline. About 4 years later, the decision was changed in favor of the students. Soon after, in the 1970s, more and more court battles roughly the First Amendment appeared. Without the help of the 2 students getting suspended, the First Amendment may have still been limited. Ever since dated history in the U.S. has begun, slavery had always foregone on. Africans were forced to do the work and labor of the Americans. Black females were forced to do work in the kitchen such as cook and clean the house. Black men worked in the farm, picking cotton, and loading wagons with the crops. Slaves were often beaten by their owners and slave traders. Some were killed or mutilated for doing a wrong deed such as learning to read. If the slaves tried to escape from their home to the north, they would be beaten and brought back immediately. The blacks coming from Africa had to rights whatsoever. Slavery went on in the United States until the mid 1800s. The Em ancipation Proclamation, which was issued in 1863 made slavery illegal in all the states in the U.S. It took the hard work and determination that one day the blacks of America would be free. A good price of freedom, but one that stands out and may be worth while.